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Silo-based missile capabilities increase the odds of survivability for China’s small arsenal and are integral to Beijing’s nuclear modernisation e

China’s nuclear weapons arsenal has grown and modernised over the recent years, and current estimates say the country has 350 operational warheads ready for delivery, over 248 land-based ballistic missiles, and 72 sea-based ballistic missiles. China also has 20 nuclear gravity bombs and additional warheads intended to be armed on land- and sea-based missiles. This brief outlines a history of China’s nuclear weapons programme, scrutini

China’s nuclear expansion could lead to a spiraling arms race.

Masood Azhar-led Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) is one of the many terror groups Beijing considers as important cogs for security and stability in its restive

Vivek Mishra, “China’s Tech Challenge: Assessing Biden’s Response,” ORF Issue Brief No. 649, July 2023.

As seen in the Chinese case, the vaccine manufacturers have not only lost trust domestically but also internationally.

China’s moves in the region, despite the pandemic, are only likely to generate fear and inspire greater cooperation with Washington.

Although Bangladesh has been able to seek favourable terms from China, will it manage to leverage economic aid while not allowing China strategic inro

China’s ambivalence on Pakistan’s sponsorship of terror as state policy stands in the way of any umbrella agreement on cooperation

Tibet and the Dalai Lama's status continue to worry the Chinese. India's stated policy that Tibet is part of China notwithstanding, Chinese feel that India has a hidden agenda. The fact that Lobsang Sangay was invited to Modi's swearing-in has made the Chinese nervous.

The presence of Shi Yan-6 in Sri Lanka has become a cause of concern for other countries in the Indian Ocean

Gender disparity has wide and reverberating impacts across all pillars of society, including significant economic implications.

The first direct showdown between Biden and Trump in 2024 demands attention as it will set the tone for the presidential campaign.

Even today, renewable energy sources definitely cannot replace fossil fuel that is getting scarce over time. Given this theoretical underpinning, why do we have a negative price for crude oil?

Climate change has added to the enormity of India’s food security challenges. While the relationship between climate change and food security is complex, most studies focus on one dimension of food security, i.e., food availability. This paper provides an overview of the impact of climate change on India’s food security, keeping in mind three dimensions — availability, access, and absorption. It finds that ensuring food security in the face

In 2015, the Paris Agreement of UNFCCC emphasised the role of climate finance in strengthening the global response to climate change. Since then, developed countries have made various claims about climate finance flows. Some of the myths surrounding climate finance need to be demolished.

Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) as an appproach implies that farms need to become more resilient to climate change and efficient in their input use.

The MQM had been the flagbearer of Mohajir nationalism in Pakistan since the party’s founding in 1984 until 2016.

Maritime security — on which much else depends — is interconnected with events in landlocked countries. Afghanistan is a prime example: Over the p

There can be no peace unless the Taliban and Afghan security forces de-escalate

As the world comes closer in the wake of information explosion and gobalisation, the idea of ¿Cooperative Federalism¿, which is seen as a tool to resolve conflicts, is gaining increasing relevance and acceptance. Inspired by this development, a two-day International Conference on ¿Co-operative Federalism and Management of Diversity¿, has been organized from November 2-3, 2004, under the auspices of Observer research Foundation (ORF) , New Del

With some political manoeuvrability and the strong leadership of President Ramaphosa, the ANC is expected to continue to remain in power.

Governor’s rule will end next month, a spell of President’s rule may be next

It is difficult to predict which party’s political strategy will succeed.

India has always lacked the counter-narrative to Pakistan’s misinformation campaigns, but will the current communications clampdown make it lose the

यह प्रोजेक्ट 2049 में पूरी तरह सामने आएगा जब पीपल्स रिपब्लि�

Open defecation (OD), an age-old practice in India, impacts the health of individuals as well as their communities. To tackle the problem, the Government of India launched the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) in 2014, aimed at making the country open-defecation free (ODF) by October 2019 by giving more attention to community-based approaches. However, while such approaches have helped solve the sanitation riddle in many countries, curbing OD in India

Senior Supreme Court lawyer and ORF trustee Lalit Bhasin moots a comprehensive law to replace the obsolete Aircraft Act of 1934

The Congress could still fill the void of a strong opposition provided the old leadership is ready to welcome new ideas along with new leaders.

The Indian National Congress's promise of guaranteed minimum income (NYAY) has shifted the narrative surrounding the general elections back to economi

There is no dearth of Congressmen who think that if the Congress scores a narrow-margin victory in Rajasthan, Gehlot would be Rahul’s first preferen

Policy influencers and diplomats will have to find a way to market private investments in an appealing manner for all stakeholders involved.

The idea of “connectivity” and connectivity projects today is being debated along multiple axes: concept, intent, scope, approach, impact, res