Introduction

India’s industrial development story started soon after Independence with the Industrial Policy Resolution 1948 setting the direction. The Industrial (Development and Regulation) Act of 1958 followed, marking a pathway for implementing industrial policies. So far, industrial policy has focused mainly on sustained growth in productivity, optimal utilisation of human capital, and flexibility in adjusting to markets. Increasingly, it is becoming imperative for such policy to consider sustainability as well.

Unchecked industrial production, inappropriate waste disposal, and overexploitation of natural resources have led to excessive pollution and environmental degradation. The impact on the earth’s future is massive and could be irreversible. Industries contribute around one-fourth of India’s total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. While India’s gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 357 percent between 1990 and 2014, its GHG emissions also rose by 180 percent. Relative to GDP, India emits twice as much GHGs as the world average.^[1] There is thus a great need for stricter reforms in energy use in India and better disposal of industrial and agricultural waste. India’s industries must go green in their production methods and energy consumption.

The Centre and state governments need to come together to ensure energy efficiency and conservation and support the setting up of better infrastructure for non-conventional energy generation and transmission. India’s industrial production must be put on the sustainable growth path. While there have been various Centre-led green initiatives and regulations as well as state-wise industrial policies that attempt to address industrial emissions, India has little data and largely no evaluation of the effectiveness of these green policies. It is necessary to list the green policies and categorise them under sectors to analyse how states are addressing the issue. Telangana’s industrial policy, for instance, has led to the creation of venture capital and angel funds^[a] that promote sustainable growth, and hubs for innovation and common energy use. Maharashtra’s industrial policy of 2018, too, discusses the need for a green fund to be set up by the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, and includes a clause on promoting green fuel.

There are Central policies already in place that encourage and assist state governments to pass environmental safety measures that are mandatory for industrial units. The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has played a pivotal role in ensuring that industrialisation does not overheat the economy or put the poor and vulnerable at disproportionate risk. The NGT, on numerous occasions, has directed the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) to issue stricter norms for effluent and sewage treatment plants, and has assisted the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in making its proposals more effective.^[b]

In its 2015 Paris Climate Agreement commitments, India had pledged to reduce its intensity of GDP emissions by 33-35 percent of 2005 levels by 2030. At the 2009 Copenhagen climate summit, it had promised to lower emissions by 20 to 25 percent by 2020. MoEF minister Prakash Javadekar has said that, as of December 2020, India had reduced its GDP emissions intensity by 21 percent. Further, the national water conservation campaign, Jal Shakti Abhiyan, seeks to deliver clean drinking water to every household, in combination with the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India) and the Namami Gange (Clean Ganga) programmes. Finally, a complete policy framework to support electric mobility and metro transportation is being implemented in major cities.

These efforts are expected to reduce both particulate and carbon emissions. However, even better ground results can be achieved if state governments improve both their incentives to promote green industry and punitive measures to check emissions.

This paper evaluates the measures in state industrial policies which are geared towards promoting a circular economy by decoupling growth from consumption of finite resources – such as banning single-use plastics and focusing on recycling and reuse as a green strategy. It underlines the need to closely analyse the impact of these measures. The industrial policies of 14 states— which have the maximum industrial activity in the country and, consequently, GHG emissions—are examined for their green component.

Methodology

This paper compiles the elements of the industrial strategies of 14 Indian states that seek to address environmental concerns. It compares the best and worst performers amongst these states to analyse their current green policies and point the way to more effective strategies.

The evaluation is limited to sectors which are the biggest polluters.^[2] In the lead is electricity generation and heat production from thermal sources (coal and its derivatives), which account for approximately 28 percent of the world’s GHG emissions.^[3] In India, 68.7 percent of GHG emissions come from the energy sector, followed by agriculture, industrial processes, land-use change and forestry, and waste, which contribute 19.6, 6.0, 3.8, and 1.9 percent, respectively.

The 14 states^[c] chosen were those whose industrial units emit the highest amounts of GHGs: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O).^[d]

Figure 1.

Figure 1. Emissions from Top 14 States (2013)

This paper evaluates five elements of the green-focused policy measures incorporated in state industrial policies: providing assistance in setting up wastewater treatment systems; incentivising water and energy conservation; boosting the renewable energy sector; ensuring pollution control; and arranging common facilities at industrial clusters. The most recent two policy statements of each state have been examined.

1. Wastewater Management Systems

Wastewater treatment is carried out using effluent treatment plants (ETPs) or sewage treatment plants (STPs) to eliminate toxins and generate safe and clean water. Many states give financial incentives to industrial units to set up ETP or ZLD (zero liquid discharge) units.

According to data released by the government in December 2015, an estimated 62,000 million litres per day of sewage is generated in urban areas, while the treatment capacity across India is only 23,277 MLD, or 37 percent of the sewage.^[4] In addition, thermal power plants (TPPs) which are required to use only recycled water, often use fresh or untreated water. Only five states – Delhi, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu – support the entire water needs of their TPPs with treated sewage.^[5]

Moreover, despite numerous efforts by the government, including the allocation of INR 7,000 crore for the cleanup of the river Ganga, clear regulations to prevent additional discharge of effluents into water bodies remain absent. In April 2020, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) directed the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) to issue stricter norms for effluent discharge from sewage treatment plants.^[e] India’s effort to increase treatment and management of wastewater has been rapid.^[6] Until the 1990s, it had only one central effluent treatment plant (CETP)^[f] at Jeedimetla, Hyderabad. By 2016, the number had increased to 193, according to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). However, it is still short of global levels.

Table 1: Policy instruments for setting up wastewater management systems

Capital subsidies and other forms of financial support to install ETPs and STPs vary across states. Madhya Pradesh’s industrial policy of 2014 has clearly specified financial support in the form of subsidies to SMEs to build ETPs. These policies, accompanied by strict monitoring, have led to outstanding results in ensuring sustainability of industrial units.^[7],^[g],^[h]

Haryana has shown improvement in the treatment of sewage/secondary waste. Haryana Shahari Vikas Pradhikaran (HSVP), in collaboration with the Centre on the Zero Discharge or Zero Effect (ZED) project, has provided numerous subsidies at every step to promote ZLD units. However, it has also been found that providing fiscal incentives only at the installation phase does not ensure latter compliance with environmental standards by manufacturing units. In the same year of their launch in 2019, nine of the CETPs set up in the state’s industrial areas under this initiative were found to have violated safety standards, forcing the Haryana State Pollution Control Board (HSPCB) to intervene.^[8]

Not all state governments’ industrial policies have a calibrated green focus. But there are states where industries have nonetheless taken steps towards sustainability. Despite the lack of a significant green direction in Jharkhand’s industrial policy, for example, Jamshedpur became the country’s first ZLD city, thanks to the Bara treatment plant set up by Tata Steel. Despite low financial incentives from the government, Telangana has been witnessing a surge in the setting up of liquid waste treatment plants. Telangana’s example suggests that regulations, backed by strict monitoring with penalties, works better than financial incentives.^[9]

Some states have also set up extensive solid waste disposal systems to reduce pollution. The urban local body of Alappuzha, Kerala, in coordination with the district’s Suchitwa Mission (Cleanliness Mission), has implemented a project that focuses on decentralised solid waste management through segregation and treatment of wet waste at the source.

2. Water and Energy Conservation

Of the 178.7 million rural households in the country, only 32.7 million or 18 percent get clean piped water. According to the latest Economic Survey, by 2050, India will be among the global hotspots of ‘water insecurity.’^[10] In 2012 the National Water Policy was formulated, and the National Water Supply and Drainage Board is required to take strict steps towards developing water conservation policies. There have been talks of privatising water rights and setting up a National Bureau of Water Use Efficiency.

Energy conservation has played a pivotal role in India’s industrial policy framework. Energy efficiency improvements since 2000 led to a 6-percent reduction in additional energy use in 2017. There have also been some energy savings due to movement of economic activity from energy-intensive sectors to less-intensive ones, but this has been almost entirely offset by increased energy use, driven by factors such as changes in transport modes and occupancy levels, as well as increased appliance ownership and relaxation of norms around building floor area.

India’s mandatory energy efficiency policies cover 23 percent of its energy use. The most effective enabler of energy efficiency in industry has been the Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) scheme. PAT^[i] is a regulatory instrument to reduce specific energy consumption in energy-intensive industries, with an associated market-based mechanism to enhance cost effectiveness of energy savings through certification of excess saving, which can be traded. The mandated decrease in specific energy consumption under the PAT programme has led to a decline of 4-5 percent in energy consumption in 2015 as compared to 2012.^[11]

The Energy Conservation (EC) Act 2001 makes energy audits mandatory for industries notified as designated consumers of energy.^[j] This has helped identify various energy-saving opportunities in energy-intensive industries and other establishments. Many state governments provide financial support on the cost of audit for both water and energy conservation projects. In addition, a policy initiative to rate MSMEs on quality control and certification for energy efficiency, called the ZED (Zero Effect Zero Defect) Maturity Assessment Model has enhanced resource efficiency.

Table 2: Policy instruments supporting water/energy conservation

Kerala ranks lowest in access to safe drinking water, which is provided to only 33.5 percent of households in the state, while the national average stands at 85.5 percent. Delhi is ranked worst on water use efficiency, while Gujarat is top performer.^[12],^[k]

Karnataka is the second-most drought prone state after Rajasthan. According to a 2018 study, 23 of its 30 districts are drought prone. Apart from green features in its industrial policy, the state government of Karnataka has also launched the Jalamrutha and Jalandhare schemes to revive traditional water bodies, being implemented by the state’s rural development and panchayat raj departments, respectively.^[13] Haryana has been working towards recharging groundwater supplies by making rainwater harvesting mandatory and promoting crop diversification to move towards less water-intensive crops.^[14]

Rajasthan, the country’s most drought-prone state, with large tracts of desert, has taken great leaps in water conservation; it now ranks third among all Indian states in water efficiency. It has set up a computerised system for gathering and analysing real-time data called Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), which has improved its water efficiency. The      government launched the Mukhyamantri Jal Swavalamban Abhiyan (MJSA) in January 2016 to make its villages self-sufficient in water. Using a variety of methods, MJSA has resulted in an average rise of 4.66 feet in the water table in 21 non-desert districts of the state. The Rajiv Gandhi Jal Sanchay Yojana (RGJSY), launched in all 33 districts in 2019, had identified 180,000 projects to be executed in its first phase of creating a robust water harvesting infrastructure in over 3,900 villages.^[15] Rajasthan has been recognised by the National Water Mission for its water conservation and efficient water practices.^[16]

3. Renewable Energy

Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that replenish at a higher rate than they are consumed. Solar, wind, geothermal, hydro^[l] and biomass are common sources of renewable energy.^[17] By the end of 2017, India had the world’s fourth largest wind-installed capacity and the sixth largest solar-installed capacity. In its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, India committed itself to a target of 40 percent renewable energy installed capacity by 2030.^[18]

The target is modest, considering the advances in non-conventional energy generation, both in India and globally. There is plenty of room for India to improve and expand its green energy generation capacity. A report by the Central Electricity Agency indicated that the non-fossil fuel component of India’s installed power capacity could rise to as much as 64 percent by March 2030. The prime minister has also announced that India’s installed capacity could reach 450 GW by 2030.^[19]

Renewable energy production in India has grown massively, with installed capacity more than doubling since 2012. Central subsidies to the renewable energy sector grew almost six-fold between 2014 and 2017 (from $431 million to $2.2 billion). During the same period, subsidies for energy powered by oil and gas reduced by 76 percent from $26.1 billion to $5.5 billion. While the latter subsidies are still massive as compared to those for renewable energy, the trend offers hope for a clean energy transition in India. (Subsidies for coal-based power too have fallen, but only marginally.)

Table 3: Central government’s subsidy support to energy sector (in USD million)

Overall, subsidies to produce renewable energy have had a positive outcome. But it is also essential to analyse the performance of individual states in the transition to green energy. As of March 2017, the following 10 states had a total renewable energy (RE) installed capacity of 51,088 MW which was about 89 percent of the total 57,260 MW of RE capacity in India.

Table 4: RE Installed Capacity in MW (as of Feb 2021)

Table 5: Policy instruments supporting renewable energy capacity growth

The states which did not announce any policies to promote renewable energy generation in their last two industrial policy announcements were Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh. However, Madhya Pradesh has numerous renewable energy policies (not included in industrial policy list) that has enabled the state to grow its renewable energy capacity by tenfold since 2012. The state has 5205 MW of renewable energy capacity as of February 2021.^[20]

As of February 2021, Karnataka was the largest producer of solar power with 7,346 MW installed capacity followed by Telangana, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. Rajasthan has been fast increasing assistance to green energy developers. In addition, the government decided in 2018 to set up biogas plants linked with cow shelters across the state. 

Gujarat has the largest and one of the oldest biogas power plants in the country, which has been running since 25 April 1987, operating with no external assistance. Maharashtra tops in biogas production with 35.78 crore cubic meters annually; Andhra Pradesh comes next with 21.65 crore cubic meters.^[21] Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh have done much to encourage biomass-based energy.

Apart from its green industrial policies, Gujarat has launched a solar power scheme for farmers, where it provides 60 percent of the initial investment – the Suryashakti Kisan Yojana (SKY), enabling them to generate electricity for captive consumption and to sell surplus power to the grid.^[22]

4. Pollution Control Policies

The Water Act 1974 and Air Act 1981 make it mandatory for industrial units to obtain a ‘Consent to Establish’ certificate from the concerned state pollution control board before starting construction. Similarly, it is mandatory to obtain a ‘Consent to Operate’ certificate from the state pollution control board before starting production. Some states also have provisions for green energy certificates, while the Bureau of Energy Efficiency gives certificates to relevant industrial units which reduce the compliance and regulatory requirements for the unit to operate.

The Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) mandates highly polluting industries to install 24×7 real-time monitoring of emission and effluent discharge points. Continuous monitoring helps pollution control boards as well as the industry keep emission levels in check on a real-time basis.^[23] In February 2014, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) asked 17 categories of highly polluting industries, such as distilleries, tanneries, oil refineries, sugar mills and cement plants, to install CEMS. As of 2019, 4,251 industries across the country had complied.

Table 6: Policy instruments promoting pollution control

Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan are the only state governments whose industrial policies discuss Electric Vehicles (EVs) as an alternative form of transportation within industrial estates, and how to provide the required infrastructure for it. The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP 2020) is working towards incentivising demand-side acquisition of electric or hybrid vehicles, as well as promoting research in electric vehicles. Some other states and union territories – Delhi, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Telangana – also have EV policies that subsidise, or give tax benefits, to firms producing EVs, using electric buses, or providing charging infrastructure. The Department of Heavy Industry formulated a Scheme viz. Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME India) Scheme in 2015 to promote manufacturing of electric and hybrid vehicle technology and to ensure its sustainable growth.^[24]

5. Sustainable Industrial Parks/Clusters 

An eco-industrial park is one which promotes waste reduction, efficient use of resources, and business cooperation to manage pollution. Many state industrial policies have provisions for CETPs at industrial parks which ensure better waste management. Some more state policies trying to ensure an environmentally sustainable industrial development are analysed in the following paragraphs. 

Table 7: Policy instruments supporting Zoning and Common Facilities in Industrial Parks

In Telangana, the green industrial park at Jadcherla and the Association of Lady Entrepreneurs of Andhra Pradesh’s (ALEAP) Green Industrial Park (A-GRIP) are showcase examples of how site master planning (SMP) supported by application of GIZ standards^[m] on cooperation and processes – mainly stressing stakeholder involvement – and a strategic approach can be used to obtain customised, and high-quality, results. Telangana’s green industrial zoning policies have been minimal but highly effective due to quality parameters put in place under the SMP. Adherence to these quality parameters enabled the Jadcherla park to obtain a silver rating, and A-GRIP a gold rating, on the German Sustainable Building Council rating system.^[25]

In Gujarat, the various steps taken at the Naroda, Sachin and Vapi industrial clusters were not entirely aimed at environmental benefits at first – better economic performance was the primary motive. Over the years, however, they have resulted in multifaceted benefits.

The Naroda industrial estate in Ahmedabad was established by the Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation in the 1980s. The eco-industrial initiative there came much later, a joint project of the Naroda Industrial Association (NIA) and the University of Kaiserslautern (Germany), to find solutions for better treatment of the estate’s toxic industrial waste. Similar resource efficiency and cleaner production initiatives were taken at the Sachin industrial estate, Surat, which included management of waste and other pollution control techniques. The Vapi industrial estate was once named as a “critically polluted” industrial area.^[26] As a result, the Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) has been monitoring the quality and quantity of effluents from each unit in the estate and the functioning of its CETP. The GPCB imposes heavy penalties and has even closed down units in Vapi for exceeding permissible limits.

Gujarat is a role model for other states to follow in development, but the full-scale planning and enforcement still falls short. Therefore, more ambitious national policies on sustainable industrial development should be formulated and robust enforcement must be assured with a better implementation framework.

Conclusion

State governments are taking small steps towards encouraging green industries and more efficient treatment of toxic waste. This analysis of 14 of India’s states has found that governments are encouraging greener development through financial incentives, as well as providing better infrastructure in certain industrial clusters for better management of waste. However, with the low levels of state and central expenditure on research and development (the last budget allocation was just 0.7 percent of GDP) there has been little or no indigenous innovation or technological growth in these six green focus sectors. While state governments are doing their part to curb emissions by industries, incentives and punitive measures can only do so much to help India transition to a green economy.

Moreover, barring a few states, no specific budget has been earmarked for emission reduction in each industrial subsector at the state level. This gap could make it difficult to reach targets. There is lack of transparency on how state policies influence the decisions taken by industries to promote sustainability. Also absent are monitoring and evaluation systems at the state level; this could prove costly, given that most state strategies encourage sustainability through financial incentives.

One state which performs poorly on all the five elements of green industrial policy focus considered is West Bengal, while one of the best performers is Gujarat. A comparison of the best and worst performers shows how similar policies achieve contrasting results in different states.  As noted earlier, data on impact is scant and unreliable, and therefore this paper can validate the policies undertaken by the (comparatively) successful states only to a limited extent.

There is dire need for policy impact analysis and evaluative literature (on green policies and their impact) to ensure the policies are working in the right direction and meeting minimum goals. There is little year-on-year data available on the changes in the level of pollution. Only 15 states have PM 2.5 (Particulate Matter 2.5) monitoring systems for any year, and only West Bengal has above-average level readings available at 110 each on its five monitors. The lack of state-wise data on annual pollution levels, which alone could assess the impact of green policies that states incorporate in their industrial policy drafts, shows the lack of seriousness among states in containing emissions. Even those states which have incorporated green policies are not making serious efforts to check the effectiveness of these policies. Curiously, a state like West Bengal, with extremely few green policy initiatives, has a monitoring system in place.

It remains to be seen if environment-friendly government policies lead to widespread adoption of cleaner technology and waste disposal methods. Whether financial incentives are economically viable – and for how long – or punitive measures are more effective is still an open-ended question. Nonetheless, states that are taking the help of international organisations or research institutes and formulating green policies are to be commended for making their industrial units more environmentally sensitive. Finally, despite states like Gujarat and Haryana clearly specifying green targets, there is little or no time series data available on changes in pollution levels. It could well be that the incentives have contributed little. Proof of concept should be considered vital before laying down sustainable policy measures. Ultimately, green policies should be evaluated as rigorously as any other important state-level policy measure.

---

About the Authors

Aakriti Rana is pursuing her Master’s degree in Economics at the Delhi School of Economics. Manan Thakkar is an incoming Master’s in Economics student at Columbia University. They were both ORF research interns in 2020.

---

Endnotes

^[a] Business angels are individuals who use their own funds (angel funds) to invest in businesses they like, whereas venture capitalists manage the pooled money (venture capital) of others in a professionally-managed fund

^[b] One example is making it mandatory for solar developers to recycle the glass used in their solar photovoltaic (PV) panels.

^[c] The fourteen states are: Gujarat, Orisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana and Haryana

^[d] Highest GHGs according to CEEW analysis, 2017

^[e]NGT pursued this on the basis of a report filed by a committee comprising nominees from IIT Kanpur, IIT Roorkee, NEERI and Central Pollution Control Board, which noted that 335 rivers out of 351 in India are polluted.

^[f] CETPs are meant to benefit small-scale industries in treating their effluents before disposal, whether it is in stream, land, sewerage system or in rivers and seas. These are located in areas with many SMEs that are unable to install treatment systems given their low capital endowments.

^[g]One such successful initiative, in collaboration with Asian Development Bank (ADB), resulted in the construction of 12 water treatment plants and two sewage treatment plants.

^[i]Flagship programme of Bureau of Energy Efficiency under the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency

^[j]Aluminium, Cement, Chlor-Alkali, Fertilizer, Iron & Steel, Paper & Pulp, Railways, Thermal Power and Textile

^[k]Jal Shakti ranking 2019: The survey was based on various parameters on efficiency targets and the study included the review of central as well as the state government water departments by the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti

^[l] Only small hydro projects are considered among renewable energy sources. Large dams are a separate category.

^[m] Standards developed by the Germany-headquartered global development agency GIZ

^[1] USAID. 2018. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions In India“.

^[2] Gupta, Vaibhav, Tirtha Biswas, and Karthik Ganesan. 2017. “Greenhouse Gases Emission Estimates From The Manufacturing Industries In India State Level Estimates: 2005 To 2013“.

^[3] “Top 5 Sectors Contributing To Global Warming“. 2021. Co2nsensus.

^[4] Mallapur, Chaitanya. 2016. “70% Of Urban India’S Sewage Is Landing Up In Its Rivers And Seas“. Scroll.In.

^[5] Sugam, Rudresh, Poonam Nagar Koti, and Kangkanika Neog. 2017. “Developing Capacity For Sewage Treatment – An Important Step Towards Achieving Energy And Water Security For India“. CEEW Council.

^[6] PTI. 2020. “NGT Orders Stricter Norms For Effluent Discharge From Sewage Treatment Plants“. The Week.

^[7] Asian Development Bank. 2016. “India: Urban Water Supply And Environmental Improvement In Madhya Pradesh Project“.

^[8] “Haryana Pollution Body Told To Ensure Effluent Treatment Plants Comply With Norms“. 2019. Hindustan Times.

^[9] Behl, Manka. 2020. “Telangana Gets New Eco-Friendly Sewage Treatment Plant On ARCI Campus In Hyderabad | Hyderabad News – Times Of India“. The Times Of India.

^[10] Bakshi, Gorky. 2019. “Water Conservation In India: How To Manage Water And What To Learn From Israel?“. Jagranjosh.Com.

^[11] “PAT| Bureau Of Energy Efficiency“. 2021. Beeindia.Gov.In.

^[12]  “Gujarat Ranked Top For Water Efficiency, Delhi Among Worst Performing States“. 2020. Hindustan Times.

^[13] “Jaladhare| Jalamrutha | Jalavarsha | Water Crisis In Karnataka“. 2019. Karnataka.Com.

^[14] Niti Aayog. 2020. “Decade Of Action Taking Sdgs From Global To Local“. India VNR.

^[15] Iqbal, Mohammed. 2019. “A Joint Effort To Conserve Water In Rajasthan“. The Hindu.

^[16] “Water Conservation Campaign: Rajasthan First To Be Awarded For Water Use Practices“. 2019. Hindustan Times.

^[17] United Nations Economic and Social Council. 2016. “Specifications For The Application Of The United Nations Framework Classification For Fossil Energy And Mineral Reserves And Resources 2009 To Renewable Energy Resources“.

^[18] Sinha, Jayant. 2019. “View: India Needs New Green Industries To Ensure Economic Growth“. The Economic Times.

^[19] Koundal, Aarushi. 2020. “India To Overachieve UNFCCC 2030 Target, Share Of Non-Fossil Fuels To Increase To 64 Per Cent By 2030 – ET Energyworld“. Etenergyworld.Com.

^[20] Gupta, Uma. 2021. “Madhya Pradesh: Ten-Fold Growth In Renewable Energy Capacity Since 2012“. PV Magazine India.

^[21] Abhishek, Surya 2015 “Biogas Production in India – Factly”. FACTLY. https://factly.in/biogas-production-in-india-is-about-5-percent-of-the-total-lpg-consumption/.

^[22] Niti Aayog. 2020. “Decade Of Action Taking SDGS From Global To Local“. India VNR.

^[23] Gupta, Rohan. 2019. “Implementation Of This Efficient Pollution Monitoring System Caught In Delays“. Downtoearth, , 2019.

^[24] Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises. 2019. “FAME India Scheme“.

^[25] “Planning Of Sustainable Industrial Areas In India | SIA-Toolbox“. 2021. Sia-Toolbox.Net. Accessed May 19.

^[26] Kumar, Abhishek, and Arindam Biswas. 2018. “Practices in Sustainable Industrial Infrastructure And Technology: A Case Study Of Gujarat, India”. International Journal of Engineering And Technology 7 (4). doi:10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20503.