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Although Africa is currently a prime site for critical minerals extraction, it has immense untapped potential in the other stages of the semiconductor value chain
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From consumer electronics to electric vehicles, renewable energy, and defence systems, semiconductors power it all. The global semiconductor industry is set to see a decade of growth, with projections indicating it will become a trillion-dollar sector by 2030. Around 70 percent of this growth is expected to stem from three key industries: automotive, computing and data storage, and wireless. The automotive sector will likely see the fastest growth, with demand potentially tripling due to advances in autonomous driving and e-mobility.
The global semiconductor industry is set to see a decade of growth, with projections indicating it will become a trillion-dollar sector by 2030.
Currently, the United States (US), European Union (EU), and East Asian nations (particularly China, Taiwan, and South Korea) dominate the industry. Africa, home to almost one-third of the world’s critical minerals, supplies materials like cobalt, copper, graphite, silicon, and tantalum that are vital for semiconductor production. However, Africa’s involvement essentially stops at extraction, contributing less than 1 percent to the global market share. With its vast mineral resources, growing economies, and youthful population, Africa has significant potential to develop a more integrated and resilient semiconductor industry.
The semiconductor value chain is broadly divided into three stages—extraction, design and manufacturing, and Assembly, Testing, and Packaging (ATP)—each with its respective challenges and opportunities. Since the African continent lacks advanced design labs and large-scale fabrication plants, which limits access to critical technologies and processes essential for semiconductor production, its contribution significantly drops after the extraction stage. Thus, it contributes little to the subsequent design and manufacturing stage. Similarly, Africa has fallen behind in the ATP stage due to insufficient Research and Development (R&D), low investment, and a skills gap.
Extraction:
Africa already has a position of prominence in this stage due to its large mineral reserves and extensive mining operations. However, it can use its position better by:
Design and manufacturing stage:
ATP stage:
As the semiconductor value chain advances, the demand for specialised skills grows. To close this gap, Africa will need to invest more in R&D and align education with industry needs, producing more STEM graduates to strengthen the local value chain. Initiatives like Kenya’s Konza Technopolis, popularly known as Africa’s Silicon Savannah, and Rwanda’s Kigali Innovation Smart City project offer promising platforms for skilled African job seekers to find local opportunities instead of migrating to East Asia or the US. For example, Konza Technopolis signed a US$1.4 million deal with South Korean firms in 2023 to boost electronics manufacturing.
African nations should also establish legislation to support this growth. South Africa’s Electronic Communications Act and Nigeria’s National Information Technology Development Agency Act provide practical and effective frameworks for Information and communications technology (ICT) sector development.
Africa must design policies that reap benefits from this scientific diaspora, who would be keen to contribute to developing their home countries.
Further, Africa must also reap the rewards from its STEM diaspora. More than 30 million African Diaspora live in different parts of the world, working for the scientific development of their host countries. Africa must design policies that reap benefits from this scientific diaspora, who would be keen to contribute to developing their home countries. Further, Africa may take inspiration from India, particularly its Vaishvik Bhartiya Vaigyanik (VAIBHAV) fellowship programme, which produces significant results for India.
Africa could benefit from bilateral and multilateral partnerships with different countries and organisations in the semiconductor value chain. For example, the agreement on a feasibility study between the US Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) and Semiconductor Technologies Limited (STL) Kenya, to boost semiconductor manufacturing in East Africa, could serve as a model for the continent. The US aims to establish more manufacturing hubs in East Africa to avoid future supply chain disruptions like the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it is too early to determine whether this will serve as a blueprint for future deals between countries at different levels of the value chain.
The global semiconductor value chain remains highly complex, strategic, and geopolitically significant. Despite its current challenges, Africa’s unique combination of capabilities, from raw material extraction to emerging technology production, presents a significant global collaboration opportunity towards a comprehensive semiconductor ecosystem. With substantial investments in education, infrastructure, and technology, Africa has the potential to become a hub of innovation and manufacturing excellence. As costs rise in established markets, Africa’s competitive pricing and untapped innovation potential offer a promising solution.
Africa could benefit from bilateral and multilateral partnerships with different countries and organisations in the semiconductor value chain.
Africa must move beyond being a mere supplier of critical minerals to becoming a hub for semiconductor innovation and manufacturing. It must forge partnerships with advanced economies and other countries in the Global South that offer favourable deals. For example, the US CHIPS and Science Act presents a valuable opportunity for Africa to attract investment. Similarly, with its leading role as one of the world’s largest semiconductor design hubs, India can provide crucial support in the design stage.
In 2000, the Economist magazine called Africa a ‘Dark continent’. Within 10 years, it changed its cover to ‘Africa Rising’. As the continent marches ahead, it has the potential to transform into the “Silicon Savannah” of semiconductor design and testing. However, this will require sustained and proactive policy efforts to consolidate its position as a critical actor in the semiconductor industry. Ultimately, Africa’s semiconductor ambition would depend on how well African leaders adopt a long-term vision, prioritising strategic investments and aligning local policies with international goals and investment.
Samir Bhattacharya is an Associate Fellow at the Observer Research Foundation
Yuvvraj Singh is a Research Intern at the Observer Research Foundation.
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Samir Bhattacharya is an Associate Fellow at ORF where he works on geopolitics with particular reference to Africa in the changing global order. He has a ...
Read More +Yuvvraj Singh is a Research Intern at the Observer Research Foundation ...
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